Repressed Memories Essay Example

Repressed Memories Essay Example Repressed Memories Essay Repressed Memories Essay Repressed memories may have been blocked due to ‘repression which is the removal of unwanted experiences into the unconscious because the event was considered too traumatic to recall. These memories can include things from child abuse to witnessing a murder. It’s the impact on the mind so it can cope with what may be too hard for the individual to deal with at that time. Understanding that memory is not a digital recording that provides for a totally accurate replay (Merskey, H.2010) is often overlooked in the beginning of remembering a repressed memory and also that many different triggers are involved in the recovery of repressed memories. Triggers are another way in which repressed memories are thought to resurface during therapy and/or basically anywhere at any time in the person’s life. A trigger can be in the form of a taste, touch, smell etc. Many times the memory is so spontaneous that it occurs in a flashback, with feelings to strong it as if the person is reliving the moment once again (Seager, W). Psychotherapy is one way in that many can try to force their minds to recall the event more accurately (Seager, W). While most research focuses on whether people remember or forget trauma, repression, however, is a multidimensional construct, which, in addition to the memory aspect, consists of pathogenic effects on adjustment and the unconscious (Merskey, H. 2010). Moreover, since psychoanalysis regards repression as a key factor in accounting for the development and treatment of neurotic disorders, relevant research from these two domains are also taken into account. There are two types of recovered memories: those that gradually return in recovered memory therapy (RMT) and those that are spontaneously recovered outside the context of therapy (Merskey, H. 2010). By having a better understanding of the two types not only benefits a person’s therapist to help the client work through the memories but also they help to legalize the memory and give it credit and validity (Groenveld, n. d). RMT is a term which refers to the attempts to recover long forgotten or repressed memories. It is often used when a client is suspected to have been abused many years ago, but has no memories of it as an adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). RMT has just as many supporters as it does those who believe therapist cause clients to have â€Å"false memories†. Many therapists engaged in recovered memory therapy believe that adult problems, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relationship problems, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, etc are often caused by a specific form of abuse (Groenveld, n. d. ). Memories of that abuse are often believed to have been repressed so that they cannot be remembered. Even though the abuse is not remembered, it generates some of the above symptoms in the adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). Although most memories are recovered during counseling with a therapist who believes in them, there exist a growing number of individuals who have recovered memories outside of therapy (Groenveld, n. d. ). Frequently, books like The Courage to Heal by authors Ellen Bass (2007) and Laurie Davis are used by an individual. The techniques are the same; they are simply self-administered (Menzel, n. d). The Courage to Heal has various strengths according to book reviewer Jennifer Menzel, M. A. Authors Bass and Davis (2007) examine very traumatic experiences and offer hope to survivors of these experiences (Menzel, n. d. ). A second strength is that Bass and Davis use the word â€Å"survivor† instead of â€Å"victim. † This works to instill hope in readers and helps to enable survivors to actively engage in the healing process (Menzel, n. d. ). A third strength is the emphasis not only on the facts of sexual abuse, but on real experiences of survivors (Menzel, n.d. ). Menzel (n. d. ) concludes her review of The Courage to Heal as being a useful bibliotherapy tool and is highly recommended. However, as with any form of bibliotherapy, clinical judgment must be used when assigning this book in psychotherapy. One of the most repressed memories is that of childhood sexual abuse. Although controversy surrounds the relative authenticity of discontinuous versus continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about whether such memories differ in their likelihood of corroborative evidence. Individuals reporting CSA memories were interviewed, and two independent raters attempted to find corroborative information for the allegations (Brockman, R. 2010). Continuous CSA memories and discontinuous memories that were unexpectedly recalled outside therapy were more likely to be corroborated than anticipated discontinuous memories recovered in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). Evidence that suggestion during therapy possibly mediates these differences comes from the additional finding that individuals who recalled the memories outside therapy were marked more surprised at the existence of their memories than were  individuals who initially recalled the memories in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). These results indicate that discontinuous CSA memories spontaneously retrieved outside of therapy may be accurate, while implicating expectations arising from suggestions during therapy in producing false CSA memories (Brockman, R. 2010). Still the question of why people repress memories and are able to retrieve them at a later date along with how true those memories might be is still one that needs to be further explained. Whatever the terminology applied, be it repression, dissociation or forgetting, humans have a capacity to not consciously know about aspects of their traumas for extended periods of time (Middleton et al, 2005) are all factors to include in the memory. Also multiple factors including the age at which traumas occurred, the relationships to the person responsible or the nature and extent of the traumas influence what will be accessible to memory (Middleton, 2005). Professionals have the responsibility during an intake interview to put forth the question of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse to the person. The rationale for this prescription is that a clinician who asks conveys to the client that the client will be believed and that the clinician will join with the client in working through the memories and emotions linked with childhood sexual abuse (Loftus, 1993). Asking about sexual abuse along with a list of other past life events makes sense given the high instance of actual abuse, but the concern is how the issue is raised and what therapists do when clients initially deny an abusive past.   Brockman, R.. (2010). Aspects of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 38(4), 693-710. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 2256258471). Groenveld, J. (n. d. ). Repressed memories and Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT). Retrieved May 8, 2009 from caic. org. au/fms. sra/rmt/htm Loftus, E. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychological Association, 48, 518-537. Retrieved from http://faculty:Washington. edu/elofus Menzel, J. (n. d). The courage to heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse (3rd edition). [Review of the book]. Psychologists in Independent Practice. A Division of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www/division42. org/MembersArea/Nws_Views/articles/Reviews_Books/ Merskey, H.. (2010). Try to Remember: Psychiatrys Clash Over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 112-113. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1986429491). Middleton, W. , Cromer, L. , Freyd, J. (2005, September). Remembering the past, anticipating a future. Australasian Psychiatry, 13(3), 223-233. Retrieved May 8, 2012, doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1665. 2005. 02192. x Seager, W. Schwitzgebel, Eric. Perplexities of consciousness. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2012: 1458. Academic OneFile. Web. 6 May 2012.

Definition and Examples of Euphemistic Language

Definition and Examples of Euphemistic Language Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression (such as passed away) for one considered offensively explicit (died or dropped dead). Contrast with dysphemism. Adjective: euphemistic. In his Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms (2007), R.W. Holder notes that in speech or writing we use euphemism for dealing with taboo or sensitive subjects. It is therefore the language of evasion, hypocrisy, prudery, and deceit. According to Ruth Wajnryb, Euphemisms have a short shelf life- once the stigma of the original catches up to them, the battery that runs the euphemistic device goes flat. The only way forward is to invent a new euphemism (Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language, 2005). Etymology: From the Greek, use of good words Commentary Examples:  Pre-owned for used or second-hand; enhanced interrogation for torture; industrial action for strike; misspoke for lie; tactical withdrawal for retreat; revenue augmentation for raising taxes; wind for belch or fart; convenience fee for surcharge; courtesy reminder for bill; unlawful combatant for prisoner of warUnfortunately for the CIA, enhanced interrogation turned out to be a translation of the same euphemism used by the Gestapo: verschrfte Vernehmung. (Scott Horton, Company Men. Harpers, April 2015 Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what Im about to say. But Im afraid youre both being let go.Lou: Let go? What does that mean?Dan Foreman: It means youre being fired, Louie. (In Good Company, 2004 Mr. Prince: Well see you when you get back from image enhancement camp.Martin Prince: Spare me your euphemisms! Its fat camp, for Daddys chubby little secret. (Kamp Krusty, The Simpsons, 1992) Paul Kersey: Youve got a prime figure. You really have, you know.Joanna Ke rsey: Thats a euphemism for fat. (Death Wish, 1974) The reconstruction of New Orleans has become a euphemism for the destruction of the citys cultural and historic heritage. (Ghali Hassan, 2006The more syllables a euphemism has, the further divorced from reality it is. (George CarlinWardrobe malfunction. (Justin Timberlakes description of his tearing of Janet Jacksons costume during a half-time performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII)Americans continually euphemize; they can never call anything by its name. You never invade anybody, you commit an incursion. (Gore Vidal, quoted in the Transatlantic Review, Spring 1975) Dont Panic The economic classification  recession was actually invented in 1937 when the economy was back in the toilet but FDR didnt want to call it a depression. And the description depression first surfaced during the Hoover administration, a substitute for a more vivid but disconcerting term of art: panic.(Anna Quindlen, Summertime Blues. Newsweek, July 7/14, 2008) Testing for Euphemisms In selecting euphemistic words and phrases I have accepted [Henry] Fowlers definition: Euphemism means the use of a mild or vague or periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision or disagreeable use (Modern English Usage, 1957). A second test is that the euphemistic word or phrase once meant, or prima facie still means, something else. If that were not so, it would be no more than a synonym. (R.W. Holder, Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms. Oxford University Press, 2007) Steven Pinker and Joseph Wood Krutch on the Euphemism Treadmill - Linguists are familiar with the phenomenon, which may be called the euphemism treadmill. People invent new words for emotionally charged referents, but soon the euphemism becomes tainted by association, and a new word must be found, which soon acquires its own connotations, and so on. Water closet becomes toilet (originally a term for any kind of body care, as in toilet kit and toilet water), which becomes bathroom, which becomes restroom, which becomes lavatory. Undertaker changes to mortician, which changes to funeral director...The euphemism treadmill shows that concepts, not words, are primary in peoples minds. Give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name, at least not for long. Names for minorities will continue to change as long as people have negative attitudes toward them. We will know that we have achieved mutual respect when the names stay put. (Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial o f Human Nature. Viking Penguin, 2002)- Any euphemism ceases to be euphemistic after a time and the true meaning begins to show through. Its a losing game, but we keep on trying. (Joseph Wood Krutch, If You Dont Mind My Saying So, 1964) Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and Orthophemisms During the Cold War of 1946-89, NATO had a deterrent (euphemism) against the Russian threat (dysphemism). In the mid 1980s the USSR claimed to have been invited (euphemism) into Afghanistan; the Americans claimed that the Russians were aggressors (dysphemism) there. We get invited in; they are aggressors; the orthophemism is take military action in a foreign land. (Keith Allen and Kate Burridge, Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006) Euphemisms During the Victorian Era In the mid-19th century, the human form and its functions were so taboo that any words even hinting that people had bodies were banished from polite discourse. It became impossible to mention legsyou had to use limb, or even better, lower extremity. You couldnt ask for the breast of a chicken, but instead had to request the bosom, or make a choice between white and dark meat. Nor could you talk about trousers. There were numerous euphemisms instead, including inexpressibles, indescribables, unmentionables, inexplicables and continuations. Charles Dickens made fun of this extreme delicacy in Oliver Twist, when Giles the butler describes how he got out of bed and drew on a pair of . . .. Ladies present, Mr. Giles, warns another character. (Melissa Mohr, By Gods Nails: Careful How You Curse. The Wall Street Journal, April 20-21, 2013) In Defense of Euphemisms Euphemisms are not, as many young people think, useless verbiage for that which can and should be said bluntly; they are like secret agents on a delicate mission, they must airily pass by a stinking mess with barely so much as a nod of the head, make their point of constructive criticism and continue on in calm forbearance. Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne. (Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984) Transforming Schools During one of many anti-austerity protests last summer, more than 1,000 people rallied to oppose Philadelphias plans to transform schools, a pleasant euphemism generally meaning school closures and mass layoffs. (Allison Kilkenny, The Fight for Phillys Schools. The Nation, February 18, 2013) Crazy Crazy (and hence crazed and cracked) originally meant cracked, flawed, damaged (cp. crazy paving) and was applicable to all manner of illness; but it has now narrowed to mental illness. It captures the stereotypical mental patient as someone flawed, deficient (cf. mentally deficient), and is the basis for many euphemistic expressions for madness: crack-brained, scatter-brained, shatter-brained; head case, nutcase, bonkers, wacko, wacky; falling to pieces; have a (nervous) breakdown; unhinged; having a screw/tile/slate loose; one brick short of a load, not a full load; not playing with a full deck, three cards short of a full deck; one sandwich short of a picnic; two bob short of a quid, not the full quid; his elevator doesnt go to the top floor; a shingle short; and perhaps hes lost his marbles. (Keith Allen and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press, 1991) The Lighter Side of Euphemisms Dr. House: Im busy.Thirteen: We need you to . . .Dr. House: Actually, as you can see, Im not busy. Its just a euphemism for get the hell out of here.(Dying Changes Everything, House, M.D.)Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?Dr. Terzi: We dont kill anyone.Dr. House: Im sorrywho were you going to marginalize?(Whatever It Takes, House, M.D.) Further Reading Visual EuphemismWhy Do We Use Euphemisms?Biased LanguageBowdlerismCacophemismFifty Reasons Youll Never Be Told, Youre FiredGenteelismGeorge Carlins Essential DrivelGrawlixHow to Flatter an Audience With Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and  DistinctioIndirectnessMinced OathNever Say Die: Euphemisms for DeathOrthophemismParadiastolePejorative LanguageRestauranteseSoft LanguageTaboo LanguageTitle InflationTop 20 Figures of SpeechUnder the Flapdoodle Tree: Doublespeak, Soft Language, and GobbledygookVerbosityWhat Are Weasel Words?

Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Antigone - Essay Example The unity of action limits it to a single set of incidents which are related as cause and effect, "having a beginning, middle, and an end." Antigone, a play by Sophocles, is based on the story starting with two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, who died fighting a war against each other. Creon, the new king of thebes decided not to bury Polyneices as he considered him to be the rebel. Antigone, his sister thought that it was wrong and decided to carry out the deed herself. She called ismene outside the palace for her help but she refused. Meanwhile Creon went to the chorus of theban elders and asked them to support his verdict and they vowed allegiance to him. Then, a sentry came and told Creon that Polyneices has been buried by Antigone. Angry, Creon summoned the sisters and temporarily imprisoned them. Haemon, Creon’s son and Antigone’s fiance went to his father and tried to persuade him to release Antigone, but it only resulted in a quarrel. Creon then decided to sp are Ismene and to imprison Antigone in a cave. Then a blind prophet teiresias told Creon that the gods were siding Antigone and that he must spare her or face the wrath. The chorus and Creon decided to bury Polyneices.

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Tort Law - Essay Example Are the current statutory and common law mechanisms sufficient to protect privacy interests of individuals? Main challenges individual face in bringing actions against invasions of their privacy in English courts. Shifting focus of reforms on civil law from questions, standards of liability to issues of civil procedure and damages. Challenges of procedure and damages in bringing actions to protect individuals privacy 3. Protecting privacy in the modern age Individual privacy in the modern age: challenges of protecting privacy. Relationship between internet and media and individual privacy protection. What changes can be made on the law to protect individuals’ privacy. Is the blame for the English law to achieve its duty to protect individual’s privacy blamed on media? 4. Privacy law reforms in the United Kingdom Press and individual privacy. Regulation of press for reforms in the UK for purposes of protecting privacy interests rather than the role of civil law in protec tion of privacy interests ( Joint Select Committee report –Chapter five and the Leveson report 2002) 5. Right to Privacy and freedom of expression Rights to privacy and freedom of expression: the conflicts arising from rights to privacy and freedom of expression in relation to individuals’ privacy (Mosley v News group Newspaper Ltd (2008) EMLR20). Media and the freedom of expression. ... m in order to protect the privacy of individuals.† Discuss Introduction In the old common law individuals are entitled to full protection in person and in property. However, there have been no clear definitions as to the extent of this protection.1 Personal privacy has been invaded with the introduction of instant photographs and newspapers. According to Hughes people are now afraid that what they do or speak in secret may come out into the public domain, if new laws are not put in place to protection individual invasion to privacy.2 The law of tort provided individual with remedy from life and property interference. The right to life only gave individuals protection from battery of all forms. With the recognition of the spiritual, intellect and human feelings legal rights have become broad. Laws have been formulated to protect individuals from offensive noise, odour, dust, smoke and excessive vibrations.3 Statutes and laws English law did not recognize the right to privacy4. I t relied heavily on law of trespass, nuisance, defamation and malicious falsehood to protect individual privacy5. Development of statutes such as Protection from Harassment Act 1997, The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 saw increased advancement in the protection of privacy. With evolution of law it has become clear to individual that hurt, satisfaction and gains in life do not originate from the tangible things. This has therefore led to the legal appreciation of individuals’ opinions, sentiments and feelings. The growth in the common law has allowed judges to afford compulsory defence without having to ask for directions from the parliament.6 Introduction of tort on privacy in the English law Privacy deals with individuals’ information’s and

Testbank for macroeconomics canada in the global environment Essay Example for Free

Testbank for macroeconomics canada in the global environment Essay Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Testbank for Macroeconomic. The test bank is what most professors use as a template when making exams for their students, which means there’s a very high chance that you will see the exact questions in the tests! The file is either in . doc, . pdf, excel, or zipped in the package and can easily be read on PCs and Macs. Delivery is INSTANT. You can download the files IMMEDIATELY once payment is done. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Our response is the fastest. All questions will always be answered in 6 hours, most of the time within 30mins. We also faced similar difficulties when we were students, and we understand how you feel. But now, with the Official Test Bank, you will be able to * Anticipate the type of the questions that will appear in your exam. * Know the correct answers to those questions. * Reduce the hassle and stress of your student life. * Improve your studying and get a better grade! * Get prepared for examination questions. * Save you time and help you understand the material. This is the authentic testbank that is designed for your specific textbook. Delivery is made immediately via digital download so there is no waiting. Test Bank is guaranteed accurate.

Language Is A Virus :: essays research papers

Language Is A Virus A written work, whether it is a story, a poem or a song, can be as vague and indeterminable as a painting and given to many different interpretations. It gives an opportunity for the reader to use his imagination and his emotions in absorbing the writing and comprehending its meaning. The interpretation of written work varies with circumstances, such as different cultures, religions, historical times or just personal feelings. Folk tales and legends are stories that have been passed throughout generations and are being told in many parts of the world in different languages. These stories, originally written as local tales, pass the boundaries of their localities and become absorbed into the folklore of other religions and countries through publication in other languages. In many cases they are being altered to suit the tastes, customs and modes of behavior of the population to which the readers belong. In other instances the written works are absorbed in different localities, in their original forms, but even then their meaning varies in accordance with the cultural, religious and economical conditions of the country as a whole and of the reader as an individual. Obviously, a written work is a product of the period in which it is written. Unless it is a historical tale, the subjects, characters and events described, would be of a temporary nature or have a temporary outlook and appeal. Many writings are of a controversial nature and as such they appeal to some but can meet with a violent disapproval by others. Salman Rashdie has been lucky to survive the violent anger of the Muslim world. But at the same time he became popular with many segments of the population, not necessarily due to the greatness of his writing, but primarily because of the controversial subject he touches upon, the fact that he criticizes his own and that his criticism appeals to a non Muslim reader. Language is like a

The Armana Period

The art of Ancient Egypt was highly symbolic and fascinating that intended to keep the history alive. Their religion and beliefs were shown in their art and great works depict god, goddesses and Pharaohs. Each period had a distinctive and astonishing style. In the middle of the New Kingdom, the Egyptians had a new Pharaoh that made some dramatic changes not only in political but also in art styles and this is called the Amarna Period. This research paper aims to discuss the historical, religious and especially the art of Ancient Egypt during the Amarna Period.This enabled us to know the events and revolutionary works of Akhenaton to replace monotheism from polytheism of Egyptians religion and to acknowledge the essence of Amarna art in our present times. II. Egyptian Kingship About 3000 B. C. , kingship in Ancient Egypt begun when prestige and growth of wealth were at its peak indicated by the discoveries of metal tools and personal ornaments. By that time, poor tribes started revolu tion and so military protection was needed. The â€Å"cities were fortified and kings became prominent† (Chodorow 13).Kings manipulated wars and often tried to bring cities under their control, they served as war leaders and practiced religious functions viewed as guarantor of the welfare of the city which thought they had special relationship with the gods and prepared inscriptions that immortalized their royal deeds to maintain their authority. Concept/Established Priesthood. Even from the earliest times, religious ceremonies were often held by the royal family. King was considered as â€Å"the highest priest, who had sovereign right to perform rituals at any and all temples† (http://www. philae.nu/akhet/Religion3. html). â€Å"Priests had limited and specialized role of activities† and they had â€Å"to ensure the cults of god and goddesses along with the various external manifestations in the temples to maintain the integrity of divine presence on earth in the sanctuaries of the temples† (Sauneron 34). Unlike priests nowadays, they were not concern or persuading the people or trying to convert others to their religion, â€Å"they were bureaucrat of a sort delegated by the king to perform in his place certain physical rituals necessary for the general welfare† (Sauneron 35).All of their hieratic appointments were done by the kings and economically supported by receiving offerings and vast landowners. Relationship with the Gods. Egyptian monarchs already had the authority which was to impress the ancient world and depicted that they inherited from prehistoric kings who had special sanctity because of their power to assure prosperity through successful agriculture, thus they performed rituals involving irrigation, soil fertility and land reclamation.The Pharaoh were believed to manipulate the annual emergence and downfall of life itself (Roberts 84). Under the Old Kingdom, it appears that the â€Å"king is the absolute lord of the land† (Roberts 84) and venerated as descendant of the gods. Based on the theory, when the king died, he passed over to the Kingdom Wesir (Osiris) and left the kingship in the hands of his son. He becomes the Living Heru and transformed into a divine status.Until the Middle Kingdom, only king had an after-life to look forward to Egypt and â€Å"always stressed the incarnation of the god in the king even that idea was increasingly exposed by the realities of life in the New Kingdom† (Roberts 85). Influence/Control of Art. The framework for Egyptian arts and architecture was religious and magical. (Najovits 215). The glorification of gods and pharaoh-gods was the main theme of Egyptian art, primarily aim to manipulate the gods and equip for the afterlife (Najovits 218).They illustrated afterlife and mythology in a coherent manner. Creation of the images of the gods, including the pharaoh gods, illustration of religious beliefs, serving of religious concepts through the building of temples for the appeasement and worship of the gods, practice of funerary cults and the use of amulets were intended for their arts and architecture. III. Amarna Period In the late part of the 18th Dynasty, the most famous periods of Ancient Egypt was ruled by King Amenhotep IV, son of King Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye.He founded the city Amarna where his revolutionary reforms take place in a very short period. King Amenhotep IV. Succeeded his father Amenhotep III and he attempted a religious revolution called monotheism, worship of one god named Aton (Divine Sundisk). These religious ideas probably originated from the fact that â€Å"the sun could be seen rising each day and traveling across the sky, before disappearing each night only to re-appear next morning† thus â€Å"seen both incredibly strong and powerful† (Thomas 22).King Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton/Akhenaten meaning â€Å"It is well with Aton† because he wished to erase the reminiscence of the past and abandoned the old god of his fathers, Amon, whose cult had been the wealthiest and most powerful of Egypt and perhaps tried to recover power taken by the priest of Amon. He devoted his reign in religious revolution and activities and neglected his monarchy duties. Changes to Establishment. Akhenaton â€Å"tried to give a new direction to Egyptian religious thought† (Perry 48) and â€Å"established cults have been diverted to the cult of the Aten† (Shaw 277).He closed all temples in Thebes and built a new city in Amarna and â€Å"devised a new theology to support his religion† (Chodorow 21). All building activities at Thebes were ceased, traditional gods were banned completely; traditional temples were closed down and the cults of their gods came to a standstill and religious festivals with their processions and public holidays were no longer celebrated. All the income from estates and farms of the Amen temples was diverted to fu nd the construction of the new city (Thomas 52). Aten/Akhetaton. Egyptians believed that king becomes god when they die, they used to describe them as god Aten.â€Å"Akhenaton said that the god Aten had chosen a site for the new capital for him† (Thomas 48) and he established the new city called Akhetaton/Akhetaten, (Horizon of the Aten). It was â€Å"the place where the Aten manifests himself and where he acts through his son, the king, who is the â€Å"perfect child of the living Aten† (Shaw 277). Temples to Aten were built at Akhetaten and unlike â€Å"traditional temples which contain dark and mysterious inner chambers and cult statues, the Aten temples were open to the sky allowing the sun-disk to display itself in person† (Ryan 161). B. ArtUsing art as emphasis. The Egyptian artists in Amarna art wanted to enduringly fix the absolute, the symbolic, the ideal, the real meaning of what things should be where gods and divine pharaohs being portrayed in the i deal situations of stiff solemnity, power and youth. Historians noted that â€Å"the idealizing representation of kings is based on the desire to lift the ‘good gods’ (the kings), sons and likenesses of the gods† (Najovits 218). Amarna art represented detail idealization of the world and people in a system that encompassed everything from the beginning – creation to the afterlife.Akhenaton put much emphasis on the fact that he was the â€Å"mother who gives birth to everything who had created his subjects with the ka (creator-god)† (Shaw 281). New style. Akhenaton changed the traditional artistry of Egypt where architecture, sculpture and paintings focused on canonical pharaonic portraits. â€Å"The artistic style made a sudden transition from the traditional Egyptian style of portraying people with ideal, perfect physiques to a new and rather jarring style† (Lorenz).The effeminate body with curving contours, long face with full lips, heavy e yelids, misshapen body with weak arms, narrow waist, protruding belly, wide hips and fatty thighs created arguments among historians. They think that he â€Å"suffered from some kind of illness or syndrome which caused his odd appearance† (Lorenz) and that his â€Å"portrait is a deliberate artistic reaction against the established style, paralleling the suppression of traditional religion† (Kleiner 78).Akhenaton showed â€Å"himself in a warm family scenes with his wife and children, portraying himself and the rest of the royal family in a much more human and naturalistic manner† (Lorenz). The scene of the royal family, Akhenaton, Nefertiti and their three children Merytaten (being kissed by his father), Meketaten (sitting on her mother's lap) and Aknkhesenpaaten (baby on Nefertiti's shoulder). Both Nefertiti (Akhenaton's wife) and Tiye (mother of Akhenaton) figured prominently in the art and life of Amarna age. Queen Tiye regularly appeared in art beside Amenh otep III during his reign as well as during the reign of Akhenaton.Queen Nefertiti frequently appears in the decoration of the Aton temple at Karnak who looked like clones of Akhenaton and sometimes wears pharaonic headgear. Pictures showing husband and wife embracing or offering each other flowers continued until the reign of Tutankhamen. Amarna period most probably associated with the images of Aten worship scenes. The Sundisk where the Pharoah and Queen offer flowers to Aten and their two eldest daughters bask shaking sistrums, is one of the most common distinction of Amarna period.Analysis. The reign of Pharaoh Akhenaton depicted a relaxed, affectionate pharaoh and purely human emotional themes and everyday, secular subjects became usual and that was a revolution in its own right. According to historians, â€Å"the Fifth Dynasty and Amarna period must be the two finest periods in Egyptian art, it was then that the artist best managed to combine theological obligation to depict idealized essence with natural inclination to depict reality† (Najovits 233).Despite the criticism obtained, the art had never been so dramatic and meaningful that showed formalistic conventions and attempted the truth of the system they represented. Another feature of Amarna style is the â€Å"extraordinary sense of movement and speed, a general looseness and freedom of expression that was to have a lasting influence on Egyptian art for centuries after the Amarna Period had come to an end† (Shaw 282). C. Compare/Contrast With previous establishment. Egyptians artists regularly ignored the endless variations in body types of real human beings.Painters and sculptors did not sketch their subjects from life but applied a strict canon or systems of proportions that lasted for thousand of years (Kleiner 69). Before the Amarna period, pharaohs concentrated on building temples and great pyramid tombs made of mud-brick, stones and woods. They have huge statues and reliefs paint ed in minute polychrome, paintings of sensual women, hunting scenes and peoples in their everyday tasks were widespread which were intended to provide company to the deceased in the other world. Evolution of Art during Amarna.Inscriptions revealed that it was Akhenaton who instructed his artist in his own new style. â€Å"Akhenaton's new movement had given rise to a new and very realistic style of art which emphasized even the king's physical deformities† (Boadt 159) unlike the normal image of showing the kings and important people as ideal persons in good health and great looks. In the early years, human figures were depicted with specific proportions contrary to normal figures and there was a time when images were the same like clones but soon outmoded.Later, it becomes less extreme with some artwork returning almost to normal. The depiction of the king becomes more graceful evolving into a softer, more naturalistic style. IV. Opinions/Observations Observations of Art of Am arna Period. King Akhenaton's reign was too short to bring his reform to success both in political and religious through expression in Egyptian arts. It centered on the sun-disc and its life-giving rays but it practiced focused on the cult of the pharaoh himself.Yet it failed soon after Akhenaton's death, it was to have everlasting effects, the attempt to destruct the old cult, and to eliminate gods from any monuments, shows the monotheistic direction of the new faith as well as transition of Egyptian art in a well distinguished manner. Personal Opinions. I believed that King Akhenaton's unique and amazing style in expressing himself through deformed and sexless images greatly influenced the evolution of modern art. He formulated his own style of abstract images that made him popular not during his times but in our contemporary times.I think if he had worshiped his god without persecuting the cult of his fathers, may be the new religion will still be practiced and supported by the E gyptians. The fact that he was the King who can manipulate things and can even deceive the minds of his people, he ignored the voice of his people of freedom in religion that led to the end of his legacy that can be learned when his successor Tutankhamen, returned to worshiping the old gods. V. Conclusion Amarna Period was the time of King Akhenaton revolution against political and religious tradition of Ancient Egypt.He remarkably changed the conventional style of Egyptian art from building of mysterious temples and tombs to an intimate and expressionistic statues and paintings of himself and his family that demonstrate sophistication and creative freedom which was indeed revolutionary at that time. Works Cited Boadt, Lawrence (1984). Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction. New Jersey : Paulist Press. Brewer, Douglas J. and Emily Teeter (2007). Egypt and the Egyptians. United Kingdom : Cambrigde University Press. Chodorow, Stanley, et. al.(1994). The Mainstream of civilization . 6th ed. Fort Worth, Texas : The Harcourt Press. Kleiner, Fred S. , Christin J. Mamiya and Helen Gardner (2005). Gardner's Art Through the Ages. 12th ed. Belmont, California : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Lorenz, Megaera. January 15, 2000. The Art of the Amarna Period. http://www. heptune. com/art. html Najovitz, Simson (2004). Egypt, trunk of tree : a modern survey of an ancient land. New York : Algora Publishing. Perry, Marvin (1989). A History of the World. Boston, Massachusetts : Houghton MifflinCompany. Roberts, J. M. (1987). The Penguin History of the World. New York : Penguin Books. Ryan, Donald P. (2002). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Ancient Egypt. New York : Alpha Books. Sauneron, Serge (2000). The Priests in Ancient Egypt. New York : Cornell University Press. Shaw, Ian (Ed. ) (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. United Kingdom : Oxford University Press. Thomas, Susanna (2003). Akhenaten and Tutankhamen : The Religious Revolution. New York : Rosen Publishing . (http://www. philae. nu/akhet/Religion3. html

Franny and Zooey Character Analysis of Franny

Gokce Aysen Akp? nar 05. 11. 2012 Is Love for Yourself Possible? In J. D. Salinger’s book â€Å"Franny and Zooey†, the character Franny is a 20-year-old college girl who comes from a very loving and intellectual family. She has a boyfriend who is handsome and in love with her. Moreover, she used to act in a TV show named â€Å"It’s a Wild Child† with her siblings when she was a child. To put it in a nutshell, it can be thought that she is supposed to be a very happy young lady; however, she is not. Actually, Franny has lots of reasons not to be happy with her life.When we look at the very beginning of the ‘Franny’ section, we see some gestures and mimics of Franny indicating that the relationship between her and Lane is based on appearances: â€Å"’I’ve missed you. ’ The words were no sooner out than she realized that she didn’t mean them at all. Again with guilt, she took Lane’s hand and tightly, warmly lac ed fingers with him. † In this quotation, we see that Franny emphasizes the word ‘missed’ on purpose as if she wants to force herself to believe that she really missed him. The next sentence also supports this.She doesn’t miss Lane, she says so only because those are the right words to say at that time. After realizing her own pretentious affection, she feels like these fake words are noticed by Lane and she holds Lane’s hand tightly to cover this pretentious act. Another quotation that depicts Franny’s before-breakdown condition is when Lane tells Franny that she is perspiring a little and Franny tries to find her Kleenex branded tissues in her bag: â€Å"Franny brought her handbag up to table level, opened it, and began to rummage through it. ‘I have some Kleenex somewhere. †¦ Her handbag was a crowded one. To see better, she began to unload a few things and place them on the tablecloth, just to the left of her untasted sandwich. † When we look at her actions in this quotation, firstly we realise that she does not ‘look for’ the tissues, she ‘rummages through’ it. Lane’s realization of her perspiration apparently annoys her, so she wants to get rid of the sweat on her forehead immediately. Also, the emphasize on the ‘just to the left of her untasted sandwich’ indicates her physical restless next to her spiritual one.When it comes to the analysis of the character Franny, we can say that the objective of the character is to protect herself from the artificial environment in her department, in the play she quit, shortly, everyone around her. She finds everyone too pretentious, including her boyfriend Lane whom she calls ‘section man’. Although she loves literature and theatre, she is afraid to turn into someone pretentious just like the others, as a result, she tries to restrain herself from these people. In the respect of the superobjective of t his character, Franny tries to find her own resurrection in a spiritual way.She feels overwhelmed from the pretentious people around her and with the help of the green book, she believes she can find relief. The character Franny tries to fit in the society she is in which she thinks of as superficial. We can say that this is the most obvious goal of this character. While she tries to fit in, she cannot neglect the parts in people which she feels disgusted by. This is the main obsticle she comes across. Another obsticle could be her not being able to accept her elder brothers’ previous advice. However, after talking to Zooey thinking that she talks to Buddy, she finally finds the ultimate relief.

Fate and Chance as Antagonists in Romeo and Juliet essays

Fate and Chance as Antagonists in Romeo and Juliet essays In V.iii.159, Friar Laurence said, A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our plan. This quote sums up the reason for basically every bad event that occurred in Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet . Fate and chance are the two major elements that brought Romeo and Juliet together as lovers, but chance and fate brought them together with intent to use the lives and deaths of the two as part of a larger plan to reconcile the feuding Capulet and Montague families. Although the wrongs created by chance and fate were used to benefit this greater cause of ending the fight between the families, fate and chance should still be considered the greatest antagonists of the play. The meeting of the star-crossed pair, the deadly street fight that resulted in Romeos banishment, and the failure of the Friars letter to reach Romeo are all instances in which fate played an antagonistic role in Romeo and Juliet. Chance is an enormous factor in the beginning of the chain of events leading to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Without chance, there exists a very high likelihood that the two would have never met. By chance, Romeo got invited to and decided to attend the party. It was also chance that enabled Romeo to attend the gathering. He was simply walking down the street with his friends when he stumbled into an illiterate servant of Capulet who needed Romeos assistance in reading a guest list for the party. In exchange for his services, Romeo was given this invitation to the event (I.ii.80), My master is the great rich Capulet; and if you be not of the house of Montagues, I pray come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry. Also, by this same chance, Romeo decided to attend the celebration. If Benvolio had not mentioned in I.ii.84 that, At this same ancient feast of Capulets sups the fair Rosaline, then Romeo would not have had any desire to go to the party. The...

Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World (Sample)

Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World (Sample) Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World In the corporate world, there is a large group of people who are hired to perform their skills and responsibilities as employees and investors. There are rules and policies that are indicated from the contract that has been drafted and applied by the corporate world in order to ensure that the quality of ethical responsibilities is followed. Discipline is important in the corporate world because it values the trust and the dignity of every employee to ensure that their services and product campaign are essential to value the cooperation of the target markets. In this case, it enhances the credibility of each employee to essential render their service efficiently and accurately to prevent any conflicting interests that might challenge the productivity of the corporate world. The principle of morality in the corporate world is valued by the influence of a firm leadership application; it is valued by managers and a head of a company. The reason behind is that leaders have the authority to apply their styles towards their employees to prevent any risks or hazards caused by ineffective skill management to a certain function or operation. During training, moral values are always insinuated by the training officers of the company because every employee should be responsible with their actions when rendering their service to the operating institution. As a result, the influence of an effective management procedure enhances the credibility of the institution to improve its values and trust with their target markets to establish an efficient way of promoting their professionalism. In the corporate world, the value of personal and professional ethics plays an important role to promote the essentials of morality towards other stakeholders. A productive corporate world is sustained by an effective and aggressive leader by leading change to the stakeholders to move in an upward trend, indicating an improvement with the assets and investments of the company. It is a strategic campaign to bolster the fundamentals of the company’s marketing values and interest. The result of having an effective leadership moves the company forward by means of generating an increased revenue status that improves credibility in the corporate world. This means that having an effective leadership generates a positive change within the corporate structure of the company. Respecting the house rules as well as the provisions provided by either national or international regulating agencies engages in a harmonious corporate structure to protect and safeguard that interest of the public. The ethical consideration of the corporate world is adapting to diversity applicable towards employees and consumers. In the corporate world, basic human rights are always waived to all stakeholders because it values the integrity of every human being while transacting and rendering the services of the institution. This involves respecting the race, the gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, social class, educational attainment, and age. In this case, the corporate world values the integrity of every individual by means of preventing actions against racism, hate speech, and discrimination of any actions made by its employees or a company. Respecting the rights of anyone is a major goal of the corporate world to sustain and implement its morality and ethical values. At the end of the day, a company influences the interest as well as productivity by means of engaging in a humane way of operating the company to both local and international markets (Churchland, 2011). Reference Churchland, Patricia Smith (2011).  Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality. Princeton University Press. pp.  7–9.  ISBN  978-0-691-13703-2.

Economic Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Concepts - Essay Example e) Michelle seems to be much more efficient than James at utilizing the same space and resources for the purpose of both raising chickens and growing potatoes. Perhaps Michelle is a much more experienced farmer than James or perhaps the soil in Michelle’s farm is much more fertile. Regardless Michelle has the absolute advantage in both the chicken and potato production compared to James. f) Since Michelle can produce potatoes at a ratio of 4 pounds of potatoes per chicken versus James ratio of 2 pounds of potatoes per chicken, so to Michelle’s the potato crop is more valuable compared to her chicken production. Michelle holds the comparative advantage in the production of potatoes. g) Since James can only produce 80 pounds of potatoes year, but yet he is able to produce 40 chickens which are more valuable than the 80 pounds of potatoes he can produce in his farm; James holds the comparative advantage in the production of chickens. h) If both James and Michelle were to s pecialize in the area where they both hold a comparative advantage they would both be better off. Since based the exchange rate is 2.5 pounds of potatoes for each chicken Michelle’s 200 pounds potatoes are worth 80 chickens versus her capability of producing 50 chickens. This represents a 60% increase in her overall production. In the case of James 40 chickens are worth 100 pounds of potatoes versus his farm production capacity of capacity of 80 pounds of potatoes.