Plato s Symposium A Glimpse Into Antiquity Of Some...

Plato’s Symposium is a glimpse into antiquity of some philosophical conversations on love. The focus here is on two different perspectives between Aristophanes and Socrates. Aristophanes gives us his view on love by telling a mythical account on how human nature came to be. There were once three types of beings, male-male, female-female and male-female, which the later would be known as androgynous. They were each round with four arms, four legs, and two faces on opposite sides of their being and each pair had associated genitals. They could do anything they chose, walking or rolling. The gods thought that they were a bit too powerful but didn’t want to kill them because then the gods wouldn’t get their dutiful sacrifices. So Zeus said†¦show more content†¦That the seeker of knowledge is the one who gains wisdom opposed to the one who says they know. It is not the seeking of an object but of an ideal. In this way love cannot be taken away it always abides. Diotima’s ladder of love leads us from the body, to the mind, to the abstract, to the Form of beauty itself. It is in this we see the essence of beauty itself. And by purs ing the essence of beauty it will produce true virtue rather than images of virtue and it is here that love resides. There is a great contrast between what Aristophanes tells us regarding love and what Socrates tells us. Aristophanes definition of love is a physical connection that is looking to be made whole once again. Trying to heal a wound that can only be healed when we reunite with our other half. And if we never find this person or they reject us love does not exist. It is only a shadow of what it could have been. Left with the desire for love that can never be obtained. This kind of love is not love at all; it is suffering and bondage. Socrates tells us love is not a physical obtainment that can come and go as all material things do but an intangible aspiration. Leaving us hurt or betrayed. Socrates ideal of love is the in-between that resides in beauty, wisdom and happiness, born of plenty and poverty. Given to the idea that it is better not to obtain something but to pursue it. The idea that self-sufficiency is freedom from the bonds of dependency, that if

Steve Jobs The Man Behind Apple Essay - 1612 Words

Steve Jobs pioneered many of the technologies that we all take for granted today. He made the first successful consumer PC and changed the music, movie, and communication industries. However, Steve’s personal life was hidden from the public’s eye. Steve was a very conflicted man, and had trouble running one of the fastest growing companies in the world. Steve was adopted, denied paternity of his own daughter, and his successor was hiding a secret that was recently discovered. Steve Jobs is the man behind Apple, the company which in 2007 shocked the world with the iPhone. I use Apple products on a daily basis because they are simple, powerful and have allowed millions of creators around the world the freedom to create. His products were designed with precision, simplicity and beauty. This craftsmanship has allowed me to push creative work to a higher level. Jobs personal life although was hidden from public view. He denied paternity of his child Lisa, yet he still felt some connection to her. Soon after this he created a computer called the Lisa. When I was younger, I remember having an iMac. I was watching a science show on TV about Mars. After watching the show I was curious and wanted to know more. With the help of my Dad I was able to discover more about Mars on the iMac. I used the computer to create drawings, explore other planets and it captured my imagination in ways that were never before possible. This was my first introduction computers. My Dad used Apple computersShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs Informative Essays1022 Words   |  5 PagesOutline for Informative Speech Topic: Steve Jobs General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the life of Steve Jobs Thesis: Technology would never be the same ever since the arrival of the great Steve Jobs. * Introduction Attention Getter: In 1984 the first cd play or â€Å"Walk-man† was released. The first laptop came out in 1982 and cost a mere $8,150 which comes out to $19,630 today. In 2001 the first smartphone was released. All of these devices since have beenRead MoreSteve Jobs: The Success Story Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesthat changes everything, and Apple has been †¦ very fortunate; it’s been able to introduce a few of these into the world. â€Å" (â€Å"Steve Jobs introducing the iPhone†) What continued was a loud cheering and clapping by the attendant of the Apple 2007 keynote, one of the most important events held by Apple, the world’s current most valuable company (â€Å"The Worlds Most Valuable Brands†) where Apple introduced the first iPhone. The voice of the man was Steve Job, the former CEO Apple. Born on February 24, 1955Read MoreSteve Paul Jobs And The Legend Behind The Apple Company1190 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Behind the Apple â€Å"Steve Paul Jobs† Who was Steve Paul Jobs? Was Steve Jobs always the Man, the Myth and the Legend behind the Apple Company? What lead Jobs to his dreams, his beliefs, and his fortune? Steve Jobs his fall from Grace to his reinvention of the Apple Company. Steven Paul â€Å"Steve† Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 to a young lady by the name of Joanne Schieble. She had Jobs at the age of twenty-three while attending graduate school. Schieble father didn’t agree with her havingRead MoreSteve Jobs : The Apple Of Igeneration s Eyes1123 Words   |  5 PagesSteve Jobs: The Apple of iGeneration’s Eyes As millions around the world swipe through their iPhones today, not much thought is given to the visionary man who played a pivotal role in the development of this innovative device. Steve Jobs, the man behind the development of iPhone and multiple other devices such as the iPods, iPads etc., was the backbone of Apple Inc. (CNBC Titans: Steve Jobs, 2011). Under his guidance and supervision, Apple Inc. has achieved new heights by re-defining the manner inRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Steve Jobs By Malcolm Gladwell1165 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis- Steve Jobs Given the task of conceptualizing a man who truly changed the realm of technology as we know it today, my mind secludes one person. That person is Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computer, now known simply as Apple. For this rhetorical analysis, I will be using three biographies/profiles about Jobs including â€Å"The Real Genius of Steve Jobs† by Malcolm Gladwell with The New Yorker (June 19, 2017), â€Å"Jobs’ Biography; Thoughts on Life, Death, and Apple† from NPR (OctoberRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Steve Jobs1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis- Steve Jobs Given the task of conceptualizing a man who truly changed the realm of technology as we know it today, my mind secludes one person. That person is Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computer, now known simply as Apple. For this rhetorical analysis, I will be using three biographies/profiles about Jobs including â€Å"The Real Genius of Steve Jobs† by Malcolm Gladwell with The New Yorker (June 19, 2017), â€Å"Jobs’ Biography; Thoughts on Life, Death, and Apple† from NPR (OctoberRead MoreBehind The Apple : Steve Paul Jobs1192 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Behind the Apple â€Å"Steve Paul Jobs† Who was Steve Paul Jobs? Was Steve Jobs always the Man, the Myth and the Legend behind the Apple Company? What lead Jobs to his dreams, his beliefs, and his fortune? Steve Jobs his fall from Grace to his reinvention of the Apple Company. The birth of Steven Paul â€Å"Steve† Jobs took place on February 24, 1955 to a young lady by the name of Joanne Schieble. She had Jobs at the tender age of twenty-three while attending graduate school. Schieble’s fatherRead Moreâ€Å"Being The Richest Man In The Cemetery DoesnT Matter To1152 Words   |  5 Pagesrichest man in the cemetery doesn t matter to me. Going to bed at night saying we ve done something wonderful, that s what matters to me.† (Biography.com) Steven Paul Jobs, a renown man who impacted the world, we live in today. Steve Jobs, a Catalyst for Change has created Apple, a very successful company, with no engineering background. Jobs shaped the technological advances we enjoy today. With the breakthrough with technology, he has paved the way for many more advances. Steve Jobs used theRead MorePersonal Statement : Steve Jobs1587 Words   |  7 PagesYears ago, when my mom was in college, her car broke down in the middle of nowhere surrounded by the dark of night. She was in the middle of transferring her belongings back to school. A man in a car came to a stop and asked her if she needed assistance. In a moment of desperation, she accepted his help. Luckily, she did not get kidnapped or anything petrifying like that. Hearing her story now, I try to put myself in her shoes and figure out what I would do in that situation. With the technologyRead MoreBill Gates and His Accomplishments1444 Words   |  6 PagesGates is not only the richest man in the world, but some consider him as the most ingenious too. Others see him as a monopolizing, money hungry nerd. William Gates III was born in Seattle, Washington in 1955. When he was thirteen, he wrote his first software program, which enabled him and his friends to play tic-tac-toe. While Gates was attending Harvard, his best friend Paul Allen showed him the newest electronic hardware system in Popular Electronics magazine. A man named Ed Roberts had invented

How Exercise Can Improve Your Health - 1186 Words

Exercise can help throughout your life with strength in your bones or it can help with a disease that you can most likely be vulnerable to. Such as colon cancer, broken bones, changing your mood, and also boosting your confidence. Most people may not feel confident in themselves because of a weight problem so they choose to have low self-esteem because of how they look. In my opinion working out or doing any type of exercise is very easy because all you have to do is stay consistent with your workout and eat healthy. One thing that comes with all of this is environmental wellness, it comes with that because your environment is one of the most important things to go with your workout. Most people think that it isn’t important because they†¦show more content†¦So once they get older everything becomes a problem for them cause their body isn’t adjusted to doing these things. For example, if a person was to workout seven times a week and eat healthy once a week it wouldn’t be balanced at all because their not staying consistent with the food their eating so it can cause heart disease. Another problem that can occur is having a heart attack, others feel that people just have heart attacks and no one knows why that happened. Most of the time a person would have a heart attack when the body is at it’s weakest, when a person doesn’t workout or eat right their body can eventually give up on them. Research states that working out can strengthen your muscles and avoid hip injuries. It can help you to avoid falls, if you work out then you are less vulnerable to get injured so you have to stay committed to the gym at all times. Also research states that if you work out often you will be able to increase your repetitions as you work out. If you work out then you can increase your muscle mass and will be able to lift no matter how old you are, in my opinion it’s all based on the person because their motivation will be slig htly off because they don’t think it’s possible to be fit. Another form of wellness that can be very significant to your craft or to prevent a disease or heart disease is emotional wellness. Emotional wellness is

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Example For Students

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Crocodiles and alligators are two reptiles that are often mistaken for each other. One of the most common questions alligator and crocodile researchers face today is what the differences are between the two. Although these reptiles favor in physical features, there are numerous differences. The first three differences between the alligator and crocodile are not in physical appearance. These differences are in their subfamilies, number of species, and the origination of their names. Although the alligator and crocodile are both reptiles, the alligator belongs to the alligatorinae subfamily and the crocodile to the crocodylinae subfamily. The alligator and crocodile also differ in their number of species. The alligator has only two different species while the crocodile has twenty- three. The origination’s of their names also come from different phrases and words. The name alligator comes from the Spanish phrase â€Å"el lagar to† and the name crocodile comes from the Gree k word â€Å"Krokodeilos.†The alligator and crocodile are different in size and snout shape. The average crocodile tends to grow eighteen to nineteen feet in length and the alligator grows to an average of fourteen to fifteen feet in length. The alligator also has a wide â€Å"U† shaped snout. Their snouts are very strong, and are capable of withstanding the great crushing power for cracking open turtles and hard-shelled invertebrates. The crocodile has a longer, more pointed â€Å"V† shaped snout. Their snouts are not quite as strong as the alligators, but are still able of exerting massive biting power. Other differences between the crocodile and alligator are salt glands, sensory pits, and their skin. Functioning salt glands on the tongue are only found on crocodiles. The alligator lacks these salt glands along with small, sensory pits covering the entire body surface of the crocodile. The skin of the crocodile also has a small spot or dimple close to the edge. This feature is not present on the alligator. Another difference in the alligator and crocodile are their geographic locations. Alligators are only found in America, except for a small part of China known as the Yangtze River Valley. The crocodile on the other hand can be found in Africa, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and a small part of America. The most obvious way to distinguish the alligator and crocodile from each other is the structure of their mouth and teeth. The alligator’s upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw and overlaps it. The crocodile’s upper and lower jaws are approximately the same width and the upper jaw sits evenly on the lower jaw. Also in the mouth is the most significant difference. The fourth tooth, which is present in the crocodile overbite, is not seen in the alligator. The fourth tooth of the crocodile sticks out and resembles a smile. The fourth tooth of the alligator stays inside the mouth. This has been the way most researchers and onlookers tell the difference between the two reptiles. In conclusion, although the alligator and crocodile are very similar in physical appearance, the differences are quite obvious when pointed out. They are both scaly reptiles but are two completely different animals. They look different, act different, and are found in different areas of the world, but still the most common question asked to alligator and crocodile researchers is what the difference is between the two reptiles. Bibliography:

We watched a videotape called Whale song Essay Example

We watched a videotape called Whale song Essay We watched a videotape called Whale song. It was about sea mammals behaviour, hunting and general information. While I watched I saw the dolphins creating patterns with their movements.The hunting and killing of the whales and dolphins was quite graphic and stirred many of our thoughts because it is such a controversial and terrible thing. It made me feel deeply sad.It was a good stimulus because it gave me plenty of ideas, all from different angles.Some of the class looked at a book called Whale Nation as another stimulus. I didnt because I had seen enough to be able to know about it.We then discussed in an off-text lesson the material and our initial thoughts and ideas.From watching the mammals swim through the ocean a lot of the class got movement as part of the final piece. We also spent the rest of lesson on a kabuki session for information. We taught those who didnt know how to do kabuki how to do it.Id done it before in a drama workshop. We all were 100% calm and silent. I fou nd it really relaxing and enjoyed it a lot.I felt I was quite good at it too because I used variety of levels and positions.I lay on my back and stretched out my feet. Our teacher said it looked like the whales tail and it did.I wish we could do kabuki every lesson to make us focused for work.RESPONSE PHASE 1:We had decided it was a good idea to come in for a full day to do the work on the Whale song.We began the lesson listening to different music in order to review them and sort out the best pieces to use. I found most of us wanted to go for sad, mournful songs. I felt most of the class had the whaling and death in mind.We picked:We then divided into 4 groups of 3 to develop our initial responses to the research.GROUP 1 = DAVID, LAURA D AND LAURENGROUP 2 = EMMA, DANIELLE AND LAURA B (ME)My contribution was the kabuki and kaleidoscope effects which I got from watching the whales slow movements and the patterns that the dolphins made, as though dancing. I also noticed the mournful s ounds of the whales.My group narrowed our ideas down to: -GROUP 3 = JAMIE, HAYLEY AND DANIGROUP 4 = KATY, HAYLEY AND LISARESPONSE PHASE 2:I found a pattern of ideas (whale products) ; (splitting of whale). We decided group 4s ideas werent practical, as they would involve us travelling on top of the sea and on top of the creatures below it. (We wouldnt be able to achieve those levels in the studio.)The groups joined and made 2 large groups of 6. My group brought together the kaleidoscope idea to show surface movements and the idea of the whale being split. We also wanted to do a mournful dance of other creatures.The other group wanted to base theirs around movement and different techniques of showing movement.I was looking forward to negotiating and extending the ideas. It was going to be interesting as we were going to end up with 2 final pieces for evaluation.We were also going to have an opportunity to direct our other classmates as they joined with our piece. For their piece they would direct us.DEVELOPMENT STAGE PHASE 1:For 30 minutes my group built a basic structure of events and a sequence, which we would later share with the rest of the class. I directed part of this.We started by Emma and me acting as directors. We explained to the class the idea being the kaleidoscope. Emma and I wanted to keep this in because it suited the video of the dolphins dancing through the water, like a mirrored image. We wanted to achieve this effect.One person in the centre led the movements, the centre 3 copied (mirroring) and the 2 behind the centre people copied them.We created a mirror image from centre outwards. I led the mirroring. It was quite confusing but eventually everyone got the hang of it and it worked well.We then went onto direct the class into 4 of us representing 2 whales.The tail person lay on their backs and lifted their legs up and down. The head person sat up and slammed their arms up and down as fins.I think this worked quite well. From an audiences p oint of view, it would have looked like a whales movements. I was a head and felt my role was quite effective; I tried to put everything into my arms and keep the rest of my body still.4 people were whales and 4 were fishermen. The 4 fishermen figured out a harpooning sequence. It was quite interesting.* David was the harpoonist* He swung back Katy and Lauren* They hit Lisa on the back* She jumped forward (as a harpoon) to kill the whale nearest the ship.* We then decided the whale would roll in towards the boat to show it beingpulled aboard. The 2 whales were symbolic of 1 whale but representing to ways of dying, so we see 2 sides of what could happen to the harpooned whale.* The other whale becomes distressed (me and Dani showed this by making our movements quite violent).* 4 dolphins, symbolically, pick up the whale (me and Dani were picked up.)* Cushion whales death* Spun slowly around, laid down to rest in peace.* Dolphins mourned death by doing a slow, graceful dance.This was my idea and I was really proud of it. It was really effective and actually created a calm, peaceful atmosphere.Lisa directed the other two groups piece. She placed four people in the middle (as whales) that then performed a slow choreographed kabuki. 1 person represented fins, 1 as the tail, 1 as the body and 1 as the blowhole. Then there was a group of 4 around them. I was one of that 4, a dolphin.We did fast movements in a counter rhythm to the whale. Me, Emma, Dani and Danielle made up the movements so they would look like dolphins jumping out of the surface of the water. We got our inspiration from the Whale song video.The other 4 stood at the corners of the group as the sea surrounding the creatures. They did wavy movements to look like rippling waves.I got confused because of the counter-rhythm and found it hard even though it was only a simple movement.Lisa then explained the concept of the fishing sequence. 6 of us role-played the fishermen on a boat. I was the lookout for t he whales. We put me on a block to make me higher than the others (like in a crows nest). We decided to sing sea shanties, the specific one we choose was Hoorah and up she rises. We sang the chorus repetitively and quickened the pace when I spotted the whale, played by the other 6 in the group, to build up tension. The whale then rolled to us to show wed captured it and we encircled it speeding up the song.First we walked then quickened our pace around the whale as though we were hawks circling our prey. We reached a pinnacle and in complicite we began to mime the cutting up of the whale. We then froze and, in turn, each fisherman turned and walked to the front to hold up a piece of card with a whale product on it and acted out an advertisement.I chose face cream, in particular LOreal, so I could say because your worth it in an American accent. The accent seemed to go down well with everyone else as it made them laugh. The whales then got up and became protesters and forced us back into a scared heap on the floor. I liked this piece because the beginning movements looked really effective. I also liked the way the whales became protestors and overcome the fishermen.DEVELOPMENT PHASE 2:We discussed phase 1 and sorted out any problems. We also added timed music. Sad music for death scenes, sonar for fishermen when theyre tracking the sea for whales. We didnt have too many problems.DEVELOPMENT PHASE 3:We rehearsed the kabuki to music that helped keep rhythm. We tidied up the whale rolling to the fishermen and altered how Dani and I were to be picked up to make it more comfortable and more effective.We also developed the mourning dance so it made a final tableau of Dani and I lying next to each other, to look like one and the dolphins around us with heads bowed. We performed it for evaluation. It went really well and the death scene was calm and had a quiet atmosphere. I liked this piece.In the other piece we re-organised the ending to make it more choreographed. Our song was more together and we knew when to start cutting the whale. We also added sonar for the fishermen searching for the whale.I, as lookout, spotted the whale and yelled out Thare she blows. This signalled us circling the whale. We also made protest/advertisement banners. We then performed it for evaluation. This also went well and I liked the movements at the beginning.EVALUTION:I really enjoyed the actual devising of my groups piece. I liked the mourning scene because of the calmness and sad atmosphere in the performance.I also liked the other groups piece. Especially the advertisement section because Ive always wanted to say because your worth it in an American accent. I thought the beginning with the movements looked really good.I didnt like the end of the second piece though because it was a bit boring. The 1st pieces ending was dramatic and you actually knew it was the ending.I think we could have worked on the kaleidoscope section in the 1st piece because it was confu sing and a bit messy. I think we should have made up an actual choreographed sequence so that everybody could have got used to the movements and be able to learn them instead of having to copy.I liked my performance in the 1st piece better than in the second piece because it involved me being a focus point so I felt more important in the piece. I felt I did more in the 1st piece (acting as the whale). In my mind, when I was playing the whale, I saw a graceful intelligent creature being brutally and inhumanly killed.I kept the actions as simple as possible because we wanted to keep the focus on the actual killing, as this was the important thing. As I was the head of the whale I kept my head up and slapped my arms on the floor in a rhythm to represent fins slapping the surface of the water.When the harpoon fired and was meant to have hit the whale I began to slightly thrash around and increased the speed of the slaps on the water. I tried to show how being harpooned had messed up the natural RHYTHM of the ocean. When Dani and I were picked up I kept still with my head down and was put on the floor where I lay down with Dani, dead. It was a simple role but it was important because it symbolised the whole of the pieces meaning, the way a whale should die, in the ocean with all the creatures. Not cut up out of its natural habitat.I kept my composure in the death scene, which was hard as it was quite uncomfortable being lifted up and I was in an awkward position throughout.I think everyone else worked well together and everybody was clearly focused. Everyones ideas flowed well and both the final pieces were quite polished off.In our lessons during the week we usually just manage to become focused and well be working hard and then the end of the lesson comes and its time to go. Yet, because we had the whole day everyone concentrated and didnt mess about. I also really enjoyed the day.EVALUATION CONTINUED:In the second piece the dolphins (Emma, Dani, Danielle and me) didnt keep in time and our pace was all wrong. I think this was because we were finding it hard as the whales were doing a counter rhythm to us and we couldnt keep in time with each other because we couldnt see one another.The whales had their part polished off though because as part of that groups development they had choreographed the sequence. So, they knew their sequence and didnt have to concentrate on the actual movements so they made it look graceful. I did like this sequence though because it looked quite effective because there was so much going on.Also, in the final part where we were advertisers of a product made from whales I think all of us could have made it better. I think we could have made it seem more like an advert as that was what it was supposed to be. I think we should have thought about what product we were selling and came up with an advert from T.V. that showed a similar product and try to act out that advert.I tried to do this as I picked a LOreal advert. For example somebody who picked lipstick could have tried to act out a Maybeline advert. It would have made the ending of a good piece more interesting.I generally preferred the 1st piece because of the atmosphere and symbolism. But, if I didnt have to pick and wed had more time I would have took the best parts from each piece and merged them together to make a really good final piece.I would have done it like this: -This would probably of been our next step if wed had time to do it.As my favourite I would pick the 1st piece because of the reasons I stated above. Also it was actually based around the whales movements and interaction with each other.It was also based around their world and environment, this is what I saw when I first saw the stimulus so it was exactly what I thought the piece should be about.The second piece was based around the products that the whales ended up as and the human world on whaling.

Repressed Memories Essay Example

Repressed Memories Essay Example Repressed Memories Essay Repressed Memories Essay Repressed memories may have been blocked due to ‘repression which is the removal of unwanted experiences into the unconscious because the event was considered too traumatic to recall. These memories can include things from child abuse to witnessing a murder. It’s the impact on the mind so it can cope with what may be too hard for the individual to deal with at that time. Understanding that memory is not a digital recording that provides for a totally accurate replay (Merskey, H.2010) is often overlooked in the beginning of remembering a repressed memory and also that many different triggers are involved in the recovery of repressed memories. Triggers are another way in which repressed memories are thought to resurface during therapy and/or basically anywhere at any time in the person’s life. A trigger can be in the form of a taste, touch, smell etc. Many times the memory is so spontaneous that it occurs in a flashback, with feelings to strong it as if the person is reliving the moment once again (Seager, W). Psychotherapy is one way in that many can try to force their minds to recall the event more accurately (Seager, W). While most research focuses on whether people remember or forget trauma, repression, however, is a multidimensional construct, which, in addition to the memory aspect, consists of pathogenic effects on adjustment and the unconscious (Merskey, H. 2010). Moreover, since psychoanalysis regards repression as a key factor in accounting for the development and treatment of neurotic disorders, relevant research from these two domains are also taken into account. There are two types of recovered memories: those that gradually return in recovered memory therapy (RMT) and those that are spontaneously recovered outside the context of therapy (Merskey, H. 2010). By having a better understanding of the two types not only benefits a person’s therapist to help the client work through the memories but also they help to legalize the memory and give it credit and validity (Groenveld, n. d). RMT is a term which refers to the attempts to recover long forgotten or repressed memories. It is often used when a client is suspected to have been abused many years ago, but has no memories of it as an adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). RMT has just as many supporters as it does those who believe therapist cause clients to have â€Å"false memories†. Many therapists engaged in recovered memory therapy believe that adult problems, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relationship problems, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, etc are often caused by a specific form of abuse (Groenveld, n. d. ). Memories of that abuse are often believed to have been repressed so that they cannot be remembered. Even though the abuse is not remembered, it generates some of the above symptoms in the adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). Although most memories are recovered during counseling with a therapist who believes in them, there exist a growing number of individuals who have recovered memories outside of therapy (Groenveld, n. d. ). Frequently, books like The Courage to Heal by authors Ellen Bass (2007) and Laurie Davis are used by an individual. The techniques are the same; they are simply self-administered (Menzel, n. d). The Courage to Heal has various strengths according to book reviewer Jennifer Menzel, M. A. Authors Bass and Davis (2007) examine very traumatic experiences and offer hope to survivors of these experiences (Menzel, n. d. ). A second strength is that Bass and Davis use the word â€Å"survivor† instead of â€Å"victim. † This works to instill hope in readers and helps to enable survivors to actively engage in the healing process (Menzel, n. d. ). A third strength is the emphasis not only on the facts of sexual abuse, but on real experiences of survivors (Menzel, n.d. ). Menzel (n. d. ) concludes her review of The Courage to Heal as being a useful bibliotherapy tool and is highly recommended. However, as with any form of bibliotherapy, clinical judgment must be used when assigning this book in psychotherapy. One of the most repressed memories is that of childhood sexual abuse. Although controversy surrounds the relative authenticity of discontinuous versus continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about whether such memories differ in their likelihood of corroborative evidence. Individuals reporting CSA memories were interviewed, and two independent raters attempted to find corroborative information for the allegations (Brockman, R. 2010). Continuous CSA memories and discontinuous memories that were unexpectedly recalled outside therapy were more likely to be corroborated than anticipated discontinuous memories recovered in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). Evidence that suggestion during therapy possibly mediates these differences comes from the additional finding that individuals who recalled the memories outside therapy were marked more surprised at the existence of their memories than were  individuals who initially recalled the memories in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). These results indicate that discontinuous CSA memories spontaneously retrieved outside of therapy may be accurate, while implicating expectations arising from suggestions during therapy in producing false CSA memories (Brockman, R. 2010). Still the question of why people repress memories and are able to retrieve them at a later date along with how true those memories might be is still one that needs to be further explained. Whatever the terminology applied, be it repression, dissociation or forgetting, humans have a capacity to not consciously know about aspects of their traumas for extended periods of time (Middleton et al, 2005) are all factors to include in the memory. Also multiple factors including the age at which traumas occurred, the relationships to the person responsible or the nature and extent of the traumas influence what will be accessible to memory (Middleton, 2005). Professionals have the responsibility during an intake interview to put forth the question of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse to the person. The rationale for this prescription is that a clinician who asks conveys to the client that the client will be believed and that the clinician will join with the client in working through the memories and emotions linked with childhood sexual abuse (Loftus, 1993). Asking about sexual abuse along with a list of other past life events makes sense given the high instance of actual abuse, but the concern is how the issue is raised and what therapists do when clients initially deny an abusive past.   Brockman, R.. (2010). Aspects of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 38(4), 693-710. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 2256258471). Groenveld, J. (n. d. ). Repressed memories and Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT). Retrieved May 8, 2009 from caic. org. au/fms. sra/rmt/htm Loftus, E. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychological Association, 48, 518-537. Retrieved from http://faculty:Washington. edu/elofus Menzel, J. (n. d). The courage to heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse (3rd edition). [Review of the book]. Psychologists in Independent Practice. A Division of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www/division42. org/MembersArea/Nws_Views/articles/Reviews_Books/ Merskey, H.. (2010). Try to Remember: Psychiatrys Clash Over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 112-113. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1986429491). Middleton, W. , Cromer, L. , Freyd, J. (2005, September). Remembering the past, anticipating a future. Australasian Psychiatry, 13(3), 223-233. Retrieved May 8, 2012, doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1665. 2005. 02192. x Seager, W. Schwitzgebel, Eric. Perplexities of consciousness. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2012: 1458. Academic OneFile. Web. 6 May 2012.

Definition and Examples of Euphemistic Language

Definition and Examples of Euphemistic Language Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression (such as passed away) for one considered offensively explicit (died or dropped dead). Contrast with dysphemism. Adjective: euphemistic. In his Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms (2007), R.W. Holder notes that in speech or writing we use euphemism for dealing with taboo or sensitive subjects. It is therefore the language of evasion, hypocrisy, prudery, and deceit. According to Ruth Wajnryb, Euphemisms have a short shelf life- once the stigma of the original catches up to them, the battery that runs the euphemistic device goes flat. The only way forward is to invent a new euphemism (Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language, 2005). Etymology: From the Greek, use of good words Commentary Examples:  Pre-owned for used or second-hand; enhanced interrogation for torture; industrial action for strike; misspoke for lie; tactical withdrawal for retreat; revenue augmentation for raising taxes; wind for belch or fart; convenience fee for surcharge; courtesy reminder for bill; unlawful combatant for prisoner of warUnfortunately for the CIA, enhanced interrogation turned out to be a translation of the same euphemism used by the Gestapo: verschrfte Vernehmung. (Scott Horton, Company Men. Harpers, April 2015 Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what Im about to say. But Im afraid youre both being let go.Lou: Let go? What does that mean?Dan Foreman: It means youre being fired, Louie. (In Good Company, 2004 Mr. Prince: Well see you when you get back from image enhancement camp.Martin Prince: Spare me your euphemisms! Its fat camp, for Daddys chubby little secret. (Kamp Krusty, The Simpsons, 1992) Paul Kersey: Youve got a prime figure. You really have, you know.Joanna Ke rsey: Thats a euphemism for fat. (Death Wish, 1974) The reconstruction of New Orleans has become a euphemism for the destruction of the citys cultural and historic heritage. (Ghali Hassan, 2006The more syllables a euphemism has, the further divorced from reality it is. (George CarlinWardrobe malfunction. (Justin Timberlakes description of his tearing of Janet Jacksons costume during a half-time performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII)Americans continually euphemize; they can never call anything by its name. You never invade anybody, you commit an incursion. (Gore Vidal, quoted in the Transatlantic Review, Spring 1975) Dont Panic The economic classification  recession was actually invented in 1937 when the economy was back in the toilet but FDR didnt want to call it a depression. And the description depression first surfaced during the Hoover administration, a substitute for a more vivid but disconcerting term of art: panic.(Anna Quindlen, Summertime Blues. Newsweek, July 7/14, 2008) Testing for Euphemisms In selecting euphemistic words and phrases I have accepted [Henry] Fowlers definition: Euphemism means the use of a mild or vague or periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision or disagreeable use (Modern English Usage, 1957). A second test is that the euphemistic word or phrase once meant, or prima facie still means, something else. If that were not so, it would be no more than a synonym. (R.W. Holder, Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms. Oxford University Press, 2007) Steven Pinker and Joseph Wood Krutch on the Euphemism Treadmill - Linguists are familiar with the phenomenon, which may be called the euphemism treadmill. People invent new words for emotionally charged referents, but soon the euphemism becomes tainted by association, and a new word must be found, which soon acquires its own connotations, and so on. Water closet becomes toilet (originally a term for any kind of body care, as in toilet kit and toilet water), which becomes bathroom, which becomes restroom, which becomes lavatory. Undertaker changes to mortician, which changes to funeral director...The euphemism treadmill shows that concepts, not words, are primary in peoples minds. Give a concept a new name, and the name becomes colored by the concept; the concept does not become freshened by the name, at least not for long. Names for minorities will continue to change as long as people have negative attitudes toward them. We will know that we have achieved mutual respect when the names stay put. (Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial o f Human Nature. Viking Penguin, 2002)- Any euphemism ceases to be euphemistic after a time and the true meaning begins to show through. Its a losing game, but we keep on trying. (Joseph Wood Krutch, If You Dont Mind My Saying So, 1964) Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and Orthophemisms During the Cold War of 1946-89, NATO had a deterrent (euphemism) against the Russian threat (dysphemism). In the mid 1980s the USSR claimed to have been invited (euphemism) into Afghanistan; the Americans claimed that the Russians were aggressors (dysphemism) there. We get invited in; they are aggressors; the orthophemism is take military action in a foreign land. (Keith Allen and Kate Burridge, Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006) Euphemisms During the Victorian Era In the mid-19th century, the human form and its functions were so taboo that any words even hinting that people had bodies were banished from polite discourse. It became impossible to mention legsyou had to use limb, or even better, lower extremity. You couldnt ask for the breast of a chicken, but instead had to request the bosom, or make a choice between white and dark meat. Nor could you talk about trousers. There were numerous euphemisms instead, including inexpressibles, indescribables, unmentionables, inexplicables and continuations. Charles Dickens made fun of this extreme delicacy in Oliver Twist, when Giles the butler describes how he got out of bed and drew on a pair of . . .. Ladies present, Mr. Giles, warns another character. (Melissa Mohr, By Gods Nails: Careful How You Curse. The Wall Street Journal, April 20-21, 2013) In Defense of Euphemisms Euphemisms are not, as many young people think, useless verbiage for that which can and should be said bluntly; they are like secret agents on a delicate mission, they must airily pass by a stinking mess with barely so much as a nod of the head, make their point of constructive criticism and continue on in calm forbearance. Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne. (Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984) Transforming Schools During one of many anti-austerity protests last summer, more than 1,000 people rallied to oppose Philadelphias plans to transform schools, a pleasant euphemism generally meaning school closures and mass layoffs. (Allison Kilkenny, The Fight for Phillys Schools. The Nation, February 18, 2013) Crazy Crazy (and hence crazed and cracked) originally meant cracked, flawed, damaged (cp. crazy paving) and was applicable to all manner of illness; but it has now narrowed to mental illness. It captures the stereotypical mental patient as someone flawed, deficient (cf. mentally deficient), and is the basis for many euphemistic expressions for madness: crack-brained, scatter-brained, shatter-brained; head case, nutcase, bonkers, wacko, wacky; falling to pieces; have a (nervous) breakdown; unhinged; having a screw/tile/slate loose; one brick short of a load, not a full load; not playing with a full deck, three cards short of a full deck; one sandwich short of a picnic; two bob short of a quid, not the full quid; his elevator doesnt go to the top floor; a shingle short; and perhaps hes lost his marbles. (Keith Allen and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press, 1991) The Lighter Side of Euphemisms Dr. House: Im busy.Thirteen: We need you to . . .Dr. House: Actually, as you can see, Im not busy. Its just a euphemism for get the hell out of here.(Dying Changes Everything, House, M.D.)Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?Dr. Terzi: We dont kill anyone.Dr. House: Im sorrywho were you going to marginalize?(Whatever It Takes, House, M.D.) Further Reading Visual EuphemismWhy Do We Use Euphemisms?Biased LanguageBowdlerismCacophemismFifty Reasons Youll Never Be Told, Youre FiredGenteelismGeorge Carlins Essential DrivelGrawlixHow to Flatter an Audience With Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and  DistinctioIndirectnessMinced OathNever Say Die: Euphemisms for DeathOrthophemismParadiastolePejorative LanguageRestauranteseSoft LanguageTaboo LanguageTitle InflationTop 20 Figures of SpeechUnder the Flapdoodle Tree: Doublespeak, Soft Language, and GobbledygookVerbosityWhat Are Weasel Words?